The Credibility Report
Actuarial Intelligence for Insurance Professionals
What’s in this edition
Primary-source market updates (no aggregator links) plus the latest actuarial-relevant arXiv papers (score ≥ 15, last 14 days).
📰 Headlines (primary sources)
Insurance Industry And Country Risk Assessment: Denmark Property/Casualty - S&P Global
Read source → • S&P GlobalInsurance Industry And Country Risk Assessment: Sweden Property/Casualty - S&P Global
Read source → • S&P GlobalInsurance Industry And Country Risk Assessment: Finland Property/Casualty - S&P Global
Read source → • S&P GlobalRead More about: World Insurance
Explore how the global insurance industry serves as a financial shock absorber amid geopolitical risks and emerging AI infrastructures in 2026.
Read source → • Swiss Re InstituteRead More about: sigma 2/2025: World insurance in 2025: a riskier, more fragmented world order
Explore the global insurance trends of 2025 in the context of a world that is becoming increasingly fragmented and fraught with risks, with particular emphasis on macroeconomic shifts, U.S. tariff policies, and the industry's growth trajectory.
Read source → • Swiss Re InstituteRead More about: sigma 1/2025: Natural catastrophes: insured losses on trend to USD 145 billion in 2025
Global insured losses from natural catastrophes reached USD 137 billion in 2024. If the trend holds, insured losses will approach USD 145 billion in 2025.
Read source → • Swiss Re Institute🔬 Research Spotlight (arXiv)
Bayesian spatial modelling framework for assessing residential flood risk in property insurance
arXiv • Score: 43 • 2026-07-08
Spatial heterogeneity in insurance risk modelling is often represented using coarse areal structures, which can obscure fine-scale patterns critical for accurate risk assessment. This study introduces a point-referenced Bayesian framework to model claim occurrence and severity at the policyholder level, avoiding reliance on predefined geographic aggregation. Drawing on a large French insurance portfolio combined with high-resolution environmental variables, rainfall records, and institutional hazard maps, we compare a benchmark GLM with several discrete Bayesian specifications, including independent random effects, intrinsic conditional autoregressive (iCAR) and Besag-York-Mollie (BYM) models, and a continuously indexed Gaussian random field constructed using the stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE) approach. Inference is performed using Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA), enabling efficient estimation of latent spatial fields and non-linear covariate effects. Our results show that accounting for spatial dependence substantially improves occurrence modelling, while gains in severity prediction are more limited. The SPDE formulation further outperforms areal models by capturing sub-municipal risk gradients and reducing artefacts induced by arbitrary geographic partitioning. By conditioning on detailed building-level attributes, we isolate the contribution of latent spatial effects, refine the interpretation of observed covariates, and improve the allocation of risk premiums across the portfolio. In addition to enhanced predictive performance, the framework provides coherent uncertainty quantification and supports tail-risk assessment. To our knowledge, this is the first application of point-referenced SPDE models to flood insurance, offering a scalable statistical alternative for pricing and managing risks with strong spatial structure.
Open paper →Multi-Trigger Crypto CAT Bonds with On-Chain Settlement: Valuation and Optimal Design
arXiv • Score: 33 • 2026-07-08
Cryptocurrencies have experienced repeated large-scale losses from protocol exploits and exchange breaches, exposing insurers and investors to severe operational risks. This paper develops an equilibrium pricing framework for catastrophe bonds tailored to the cryptocurrency ecosystem. We introduce a double-trigger structure that jointly captures short-term catastrophic shocks and longer-term systemic deterioration. To model the multi-risk environment, we incorporate dual dependence, combining dependence across triggers with multivariate dependence among financial risk factors through vine copulas. Beyond expected prices, we characterize the full distribution of discounted cash flows and return rates, enabling risk-sensitive metrics such as Value-at-Risk and Tail Value-at-Risk. Furthermore, we propose an on-chain settlement architecture where calibrated payout functions are embedded directly into smart contracts. This design eliminates basis risk associated with settlement delays and minimizes the agency costs inherent in traditional intermediation. Our results demonstrate that multi-trigger crypto CAT bonds offer a statistically robust and economically efficient vehicle for transferring systemic digital asset risks to capital markets.
Open paper →Stability and Dual Valuation of Contingent Claims under Rockafellian Perturbations
arXiv • Score: 21 • 2026-07-06
We study the stability of solutions to the discrete-time contingent-claim problem over a finite investment horizon when uncertainty is modeled by random variables with finite discrete support. Our main contribution is to use Rockafellian perturbations as a framework for this stability analysis: we construct perturbations of the underlying probability distribution, of the contingent claim, and of both jointly, and we establish epi-convergence of the corresponding approximating Rockafellians for the primal problem. The associated hypo-convergent approximations yield stable dual problems which, in turn, imply convergence of the dual variables, interpreted as shadow prices. This analysis reveals a connection between the duality gap and the value of perfect information and it provides conditions under which strong duality holds. We also construct examples in which epi-convergence fails due to critical scenarios with vanishing probabilities but unbounded impacts, illustrating the boundary between well-behaved and ill-conditioned contingent-claim problems.
Open paper →Pareto Efficient Insurance with Multiple Policyholders, Multiple Insurers, and Multiple Indemnity Environments
arXiv • Score: 18 • 2026-06-29
This paper proves a sum-minimization characterization of Pareto efficient insurance with multiple policyholders, multiple insurers, and multiple indemnity environments. We also provide a result regarding the pairwise implementability of the policyholder- and insurer-aggregate level arrangements in the multiple policyholders and multiple insurers setting.
Open paper →A zero-inflated mixed-effects spatial point process for grouped storm loss data
arXiv • Score: 18 • 2026-07-04
The increasing granularity of third-party weather and exposure information can allow insurers to more effectively predict weather-related losses. However, loss outcomes are often reported in spatially grouped observations, such as at the county level, so higher resolution predictors are aggregated to align with the granularity of the outcome in standard analyses. Assuming an underlying zero-inflated mixed-effects spatial point process framework for claims arising from a common storm, we derive a model for unbalanced, multivariate zero-inflated count data that incorporates rich weather and exposure predictors observed at higher spatial granularity to predict claim patterns. The model accommodates the dependence between locations affected by a common storm in the excess zeros, as well as in the joint claim counts. Using real property exposure and loss data, we emphasize the value of incorporating granular predictors to address the localized heterogeneity of storm losses.
Open paper →✅ Practical Takeaways
- For P&C pricing and capital work, refresh wildfire and severe-convective-storm accumulation scenarios rather than relying on last year’s peril mix.
- For property underwriting, test whether post-wildfire resilient rebuilding standards justify explicit mitigation credits or revised rebuild-cost assumptions.
- For MTPL frequency models, benchmark zone-level coordinates and environmental features against the existing tariff variables before adding more complex image embeddings.
- For health insurance valuation, run stochastic inflation and interest-rate sensitivity alongside deterministic best-estimate calculations.
Until next time—stay credible.
— The Credibility Report
Edition 028 | Prepared July 12, 2026 (UTC)